ABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a incidência, os fatores de risco e os desfechos da extubação não planejada em pacientes adultos. Métodos: Conduzimos estudo prospectivo de coorte de pacientes adultos intubados admitidos em ala de atendimento gratuito em um hospital governamental terciário de ensino nas Filipinas. Incluíram-se tanto pacientes em cuidados de terapia intensiva quanto fora dela. Os pacientes foram seguidos até a alta ou até o sétimo dia após a extubação. Resultados: Os desfechos dos 191 pacientes incluídos foram: extubação planejada (35%), extubação não planejada (19%), óbito (39%) e alta a pedido (7%). A regressão de riscos competitivos demonstrou que o sexo masculino (OR bruta de 2,25; IC95% 1,10 - 4,63) e a idade (OR bruta: 0,976; IC95%: 0,957 - 0,996) foram fatores basais significantes. O turno da noite (OR bruta: 24,6; IC95%: 2,87 - 211) também teve associação consistente com maior ocorrência de extubação não planejada. Dentre os desfechos após a extubação, ocorreram significantemente mais, entre os pacientes com extubação não planejada, reintubação (extubação não planejada, com 61,1%, versus extubação planejada, com 25,4%), insuficiência respiratória aguda (extubação não planejada, com 38,9%, versus extubação planejada, com 17,5%) e eventos cardiovasculares (extubação não planejada, com 8,33%, versus extubação planejada, com 1,49%). A admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva não se associou com risco menor de extubação não planejada (OR bruta de 1,15; IC95% 0,594 - 2,21). Conclusão: Muitos pacientes intubados tiveram extubação não planejada. Os pacientes admitidos em outras unidades, que não a de terapia intensiva, não tiveram tendências mais elevadas de extubação não planejada.
ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of unplanned extubation among adult patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of adult intubated patients admitted to the charity wards of a government tertiary teaching hospital in the Philippines. Patients managed in both intensive care and nonintensive care settings were included. Patients were followed-up until discharge or until seven days postextubation. Results: The outcomes of the 191 included patients were planned extubation (35%), unplanned extubation (19%), death (39%), and discharge against advice (7%). Competing risk regression showed that male sex (Crude OR: 2.25, 95%CI: 1.10 - 4.63) and age (Crude OR 0.976, 95%CI: 0.957 - 0.996) were significant baseline factors. The night shift (Crude OR: 24.6, 95%CI: 2.87 - 211) was also consistently associated with more unplanned extubations. Among postextubation outcomes, reintubation (unplanned extubation: 61.1% versus planned extubation: 25.4%), acute respiratory failure (unplanned extubation: 38.9% versus planned extubation: 17.5%), and cardiovascular events (unplanned extubation: 8.33% versus planned extubation: 1.49%) occurred significantly more often among the unplanned extubation patients. Admission in an intensive care unit was not associated with a lower risk of unplanned extubation (Crude OR 1.15, 95%CI: 0.594 - 2.21). Conclusion: Many intubated patients had unplanned extubation. Patients admitted in nonintensive care unit settings did not have significantly higher odds of unplanned extubation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data , Airway Extubation/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Intubation, Intratracheal/statistics & numerical data , Philippines , Incidence , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Tertiary Care Centers , Hospitals, Teaching , Middle AgedABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two disease entities that commonly coexist in a single patient. Ranolazine is an active piperazine derivative approved by FDA in 2006 as an anti-anginal medication. It was noted to have HbA1c lowering effects in the trials on angina. The proposed mechanism of action is the inhibition of glucagon secretion by blocking the Na v1.3 isoform of sodium channels in pancreatic alpha cells leading to glucagon- and glucose-lowering effects. HbA1c lowering to a target of 6.5% in type 2 diabetes patients has been shown to reduce risk of microvascular complications. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of Ranolazine in HbA1c lowering as an add-on therapy to existing anti-diabetic regimen. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the ClinicalTrials.gov website, Google Scholar databases and EMBASE databases were made using the search terms "Randomized controlled trial", "Ranolazine," "HbA1c," and "glycosylated hemoglobin", as well as various combinations of these, was done to identify randomized control trials. No restriction on language and time were done. The authors extracted data for characteristics, quality assessment and mean change in HbA1c after at least eight weeks of treatment with ranolazine. The program RevMan 5.3 was used to generate the statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: Six RCTs were included to make up a total of 1,650 diabetic patients. Five studies had moderate risk of bias assessment while one had low risk of bias assessment and hence was not included in the analysis. The overall analysis showed an HbA1c reduction of 0.35% 0.68 to -0.03, p-value=0.03) however, the population was heterogenous (I2=100%). The heterogeneity was not eliminated by sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION: The results showed a statistically significant lowering of HbA1c with ranolazine. However, the population was heterogenous. The sources of heterogeneity could be the (1) differences in the level of glycemic control among subjects as indicated by baseline HbA1c levels, (2) the current anti-diabetic regimen of the study patients, i.e. whether or not they are on insulin therapy, (3) the presence or absence of ischemic heart disease and (5) duration of ranolazine therapy, and (4) the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease. When the analysis excluded the population with combination insulin therapy and ranolazine, the effect becomes non-significant. Thus, the HbA1c lowering effect may have been from the insulin therapy rather than the ranolazine. CONCLUSION: Ranolazine as anti-diabetic therapy shows statistically significant HbA1c lowering effect. It can be a potential treatment option for patients with both DM and angina pectoris. However, well-designed, prospective trials are still recommended to determine the effect on a less heterogenous population. Likewise, more studies are needed to determine its safety.
Subject(s)
Humans , Glycated Hemoglobin , Glucagon , Ranolazine , Insulin , Blood Glucose , Angina Pectoris , Coronary Artery Disease , Sodium Channels , Protein IsoformsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cardiac hemangiomas are rare benign primary tumors.We present the successful management of a patient with a hemangioma causing significant right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction.CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old female with no co-morbidities presented with progressive right-sided heart failure symptoms.Examination revealed a prominent right ventricular heave, irregular cardiac rhythm,murmurs consistent with pulmonic stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation, ascites, and bipedal edema. Given the echo features of the mass and the patient's clinical course,we favored a benign cardiac tumor over malignancy.Differentials included myxoma, fibroma, and papillary fibroelastoma. Medical management included enoxaparin and carvedilol as anticoagulation and rate control for the atrial flutter, respectively. Surgical treatment consisted of tumor excision and tricuspid valve annuloplasty.RESULTS: Intra-operatively, the stalk was indeed attached to the RV free wall. Histopathology was consistent with primary cardiac hemangioma. The patient's post-operative course was complicated by pneumonia, acute kidney injury, and tracheostomy, but she was eventually discharged improved after a month in the ICU.SIGNIFICANCE: This report highlights a rare primary cardiac tumor in an unusual location. While there have been several reports in the world literature on cardiac hemangiomas, less than ten cases have been shown to have significant RVOT obstruction as in our patient.CONCLUSION: Cardiac hemangiomas should be part of the differential diagnosis for an intracardiac mass in the right ventricle. Meticulous echocardiography can be a non-invasive and inexpensive aid to diagnosis and pre-operative planning.